The error bars represent 95% bootstrap confidence intervals for the median, calculated by resampling from the divergence estimate distributions for each gene set 1,000 times. Median sequence divergence estimates between humans and chimpanzees is shown for promoter regions (left) and for amino acid sequences (Ka/Ki) (right). Sequence divergence of genes potentially involved in human-chimpanzee dietary differences. A total of 5,546 genes with detectable expression in both data sets show no significant expression differences in either data set.īiological processes significantly enriched in genes potentially involved in human-chimpanzee dietary differences. The number in the overlap between the two circles (red) indicates genes showing significant expression differences in both data sets. The numbers of human-mouse orthologous genes differentially expressed (at ANOVA p<0.01) between mice fed human diets and a chimpanzee diet in liver (green circle), and genes differentially expressed (at t-test p<0.01) between human and chimpanzee livers (orange circle). Overlap between liver gene expression differences in mice and primates. The labels are: Chimp-chimpanzee diet Cafe-human cafeteria diet F.Food-human fast food diet Cafe+F.Food-human cafeteria and fast food diets together. The lighter coloured stem of each column shows the percentage of diet-related genes that would be expected by chance alone, calculated by means of 1,000 permutations. The height of each column indicates the percentage of genes showing expression differences (at ANOVA p<0.01) between mice fed two different diets, in liver (green) or brain (blue). The chimps are trained for several behaviors such as getting on a scale for weights, presenting multiple body parts for inspection and allowing a Doppler machine to track their heart rate.The effects diet on gene expression in mice. The keepers use positive reinforcement techniques for training. Several enrichment items are given each day, as well as health check sessions. This keeps the chimps active and foraging much like they would in the wild. They feed the chimpanzees several times a day by scattering their diet all over the exhibits. The keepers work hard to make the chimps' lives as interesting and challenging as it is in the wild. Poaching for the illegal pet trade, disease, and habitat loss due to deforestation combine to cause this steep decline. At the turn of the 20th century, 2 million of them lived in Central and West African forests, but today only 100,000 to 200,000 remain in the wild. Chimpanzee conservationĬhimpanzees are among the most threatened primates in Africa. The median life expectancy of a wild chimpanzee is 31.7 years for males and 38.7 years for females. Female chimps may remain with their mothers permanently. They are weaned at 4 to 5 years of age and may remain with their mother 10 or more years. Newborn chimps weigh 2 to 4 pounds and are completely helpless. Females are smaller, at 66 to 176 pounds and 30 to 36 inches tall.įemale chimps give birth for the first time at 12 to 15 years of age, and give birth every 5 years or so. Meat is a favorite food, and groups cooperate to hunt small to medium-sized mammals.Īdult males are 90 to 200 pounds and 28 to 33 inches tall. They are active throughout the day and feed on fruit, nuts, seeds, blossoms and leaves, insects, birds, birds' eggs and honey. Long arms and fingers and mobile shoulder joints allow them to move easily both in the trees and on the ground. This is called fission-fusion.Ĭhimpanzees have opposable thumbs, allowing them to grasp objects. Groups come together or split apart depending on how much food is available in the area. A male hierarchy determines social standing, with one male at the top or "alpha" position. These troops are multi-male, multi-female, and multi-generational. Chimpanzees live in family groups that sometimes join much larger communities.
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